"Organização de Dados com Invocação de Plataforma"

Para chamar funções exportadas de uma biblioteca não gerenciada, um aplicativo .NET Framework requer um protótipo de função em código gerenciado que representa a função não gerenciada. Para criar um protótipo que permita invocar a plataforma para organizar dados corretamente, você deve fazer o seguinte:

• Aplique o DllImportAttribute atributo à função estática ou método no código gerenciado.

• Substitua tipos de dados gerenciados por tipos de dados não gerenciados.

Você pode usar a documentação fornecida com uma função não gerenciada para construir um protótipo gerenciado equivalente aplicando o atributo com seus campos opcionais e substituindo tipos de dados gerenciados por tipos não gerenciados. Para obter instruções sobre como aplicar o DllImportAttribute, consulte Consumindo funções DLL não gerenciadas.

Esta seção fornece exemplos que demonstram como criar protótipos de função gerenciada para passar argumentos e receber valores de retorno de funções exportadas por bibliotecas não gerenciadas. Os exemplos também demonstram quando usar o MarshalAsAttribute atributo e a Marshal classe para empacotar dados explicitamente.

Tipos de dados de invocação de plataforma

A tabela a seguir lista os tipos de dados usados nas APIs do Windows e nas funções de estilo C. Muitas bibliotecas não gerenciadas contêm funções que passam esses tipos de dados como parâmetros e valores de retorno. A terceira coluna lista o tipo de valor interno ou classe correspondente do .NET Framework que você usa no código gerenciado. Em alguns casos, você pode substituir um tipo do mesmo tamanho pelo tipo listado na tabela.

Para tipos correspondentes em Visual Basic, C# e C++, consulte a Introdução à biblioteca de classes do .NET Framework.

PinvokeLib.dll

O código seguinte define as funções da biblioteca fornecidas por PInvokeLib.dll. Muitos exemplos descritos nesta seção chamam essa biblioteca.

Exemplo

// PInvokeLib.cpp : Defines the entry point for the DLL application.
//

#define PINVOKELIB_EXPORTS
#include "PInvokeLib.h"

#include <strsafe.h>
#include <objbase.h>
#include <stdio.h>

#pragma comment(lib,"ole32.lib")

BOOL APIENTRY DllMain( HANDLE hModule,
                       DWORD  ul_reason_for_call,
                       LPVOID lpReserved )
{
    switch (ul_reason_for_call)
    {
        case DLL_PROCESS_ATTACH:
        case DLL_THREAD_ATTACH:
        case DLL_THREAD_DETACH:
        case DLL_PROCESS_DETACH:
            break;
    }

    return TRUE;
}

//******************************************************************
// This is the constructor of a class that has been exported.
CTestClass::CTestClass()
{
    m_member = 1;
}

int CTestClass::DoSomething( int i )
{
    return i*i + m_member;
}

PINVOKELIB_API CTestClass* CreateTestClass()
{
    return new CTestClass();
}

PINVOKELIB_API void DeleteTestClass( CTestClass* instance )
{
    delete instance;
}

//******************************************************************
PINVOKELIB_API int TestArrayOfInts( int* pArray, int size )
{
    int result = 0;

    for ( int i = 0; i < size; i++ )
    {
        result += pArray[ i ];
        pArray[i] += 100;
    }
    return result;
}

//******************************************************************
PINVOKELIB_API int TestRefArrayOfInts( int** ppArray, int* pSize )
{
    int result = 0;

    // CoTaskMemAlloc must be used instead of the new operator
    // because code on the managed side will call Marshal.FreeCoTaskMem
    // to free this memory.

    int* newArray = (int*)CoTaskMemAlloc( sizeof(int) * 5 );

    for ( int i = 0; i < *pSize; i++ )
    {
        result += (*ppArray)[i];
    }

    for ( int j = 0; j < 5; j++ )
    {
        newArray[j] = (*ppArray)[j] + 100;
    }

    CoTaskMemFree( *ppArray );
    *ppArray = newArray;
    *pSize = 5;

    return result;
}

//******************************************************************
PINVOKELIB_API int TestMatrixOfInts( int pMatrix[][COL_DIM], int row )
{
    int result = 0;

    for ( int i = 0; i < row; i++ )
    {
        for ( int j = 0; j < COL_DIM; j++ )
        {
            result += pMatrix[i][j];
            pMatrix[i][j] += 100;
        }
    }
    return result;
}

//******************************************************************
PINVOKELIB_API int TestArrayOfStrings( char* ppStrArray[], int count )
{
    int result = 0;
    STRSAFE_LPSTR temp;
    size_t len;
    const size_t alloc_size = sizeof(char) * 10;

    for ( int i = 0; i < count; i++ )
    {
        len = 0;
        StringCchLengthA( ppStrArray[i], STRSAFE_MAX_CCH, &len );
        result += len;

        temp = (STRSAFE_LPSTR)CoTaskMemAlloc( alloc_size );
        StringCchCopyA( temp, alloc_size, (STRSAFE_LPCSTR)"123456789" );

       // CoTaskMemFree must be used instead of delete to free memory.

       CoTaskMemFree( ppStrArray[i] );
       ppStrArray[i] = (char *) temp;
   }

   return result;
}

//******************************************************************
PINVOKELIB_API int TestArrayOfStructs( MYPOINT* pPointArray, int size )
{
    int result = 0;
    MYPOINT* pCur = pPointArray;

    for ( int i = 0; i < size; i++ )
    {
        result += pCur->x + pCur->y;
        pCur->y = 0;
        pCur++;
    }

    return result;
}

//******************************************************************
PINVOKELIB_API int TestStructInStruct( MYPERSON2* pPerson2 )
{
    size_t len = 0;

    StringCchLengthA( pPerson2->person->last, STRSAFE_MAX_CCH, &len );
    len = sizeof(char) * ( len + 2 ) + 1;

    STRSAFE_LPSTR temp = (STRSAFE_LPSTR)CoTaskMemAlloc( len );
    StringCchCopyA( temp, len, (STRSAFE_LPSTR)"Mc" );
    StringCbCatA( temp, len, (STRSAFE_LPSTR)pPerson2->person->last );

    CoTaskMemFree( pPerson2->person->last );
    pPerson2->person->last = (char *)temp;

    return pPerson2->age;
}

//******************************************************************
PINVOKELIB_API int TestArrayOfStructs2( MYPERSON* pPersonArray, int size )
{
    int result = 0;
    MYPERSON* pCur = pPersonArray;
    STRSAFE_LPSTR temp;
    size_t len;

    for ( int i = 0; i < size; i++ )
    {
        len = 0;
        StringCchLengthA( pCur->first, STRSAFE_MAX_CCH, &len );
        len++;
        result += len;
        len = 0;
        StringCchLengthA( pCur->last, STRSAFE_MAX_CCH, &len );
        len++;
        result += len;

        len = sizeof(char) * ( len + 2 );
        temp = (STRSAFE_LPSTR)CoTaskMemAlloc( len );
        StringCchCopyA( temp, len, (STRSAFE_LPCSTR)"Mc" );
        StringCbCatA( temp, len, (STRSAFE_LPCSTR)pCur->last );
        result += 2;

        // CoTaskMemFree must be used instead of delete to free memory.
        CoTaskMemFree( pCur->last );
        pCur->last = (char *)temp;
        pCur++;
   }

   return result;
}

//******************************************************************
PINVOKELIB_API void TestStructInStruct3( MYPERSON3 person3 )
{
    printf( "\n\nperson passed by value:\n" );
    printf( "first = %s last = %s age = %i\n\n",
            person3.person.first,
            person3.person.last,
            person3.age );
}

//*********************************************************************
PINVOKELIB_API void TestUnion( MYUNION u, int type )
{
    if ( ( type != 1 ) && ( type != 2 ) )
    {
        return;
    }
    if ( type == 1 )
    {
        printf( "\n\ninteger passed: %i", u.i );
    }
    else if ( type == 2 )
    {
        printf( "\n\ndouble passed: %f", u.d );
    }
}

//******************************************************************
PINVOKELIB_API void TestUnion2( MYUNION2 u, int type )
{
    if ( ( type != 1 ) && ( type != 2 ) )
    {
        return;
    }
    if ( type == 1 )
    {
        printf( "\n\ninteger passed: %i", u.i );
    }
    else if ( type == 2 )
    {
        printf( "\n\nstring passed: %s", u.str );
    }
}

//******************************************************************
PINVOKELIB_API void TestCallBack( FPTR pf, int value )
{
    printf( "\nReceived value: %i", value );
    printf( "\nPassing to callback..." );
    bool res = (*pf)(value);

    if ( res )
    {
        printf( "Callback returned true.\n" );
    }
    else
    {
        printf( "Callback returned false.\n" );
    }
}

//******************************************************************
PINVOKELIB_API void TestCallBack2( FPTR2 pf2, char* value )
{
    printf( "\nReceived value: %s", value );
    printf( "\nPassing to callback..." );
    bool res = (*pf2)(value);

    if ( res )
    {
        printf( "Callback2 returned true.\n" );
    }
    else
    {
        printf( "Callback2 returned false.\n" );
    }
}

//******************************************************************
PINVOKELIB_API void TestStringInStruct( MYSTRSTRUCT* pStruct )
{
    wprintf( L"\nUnicode buffer content: %s\n", pStruct->buffer );

    // Assuming that the buffer is big enough.
    StringCbCatW( pStruct->buffer, pStruct->size, (STRSAFE_LPWSTR)L"++" );
}

//******************************************************************
PINVOKELIB_API void TestStringInStructAnsi( MYSTRSTRUCT2* pStruct )
{
    printf( "\nAnsi buffer content: %s\n", pStruct->buffer );

    // Assuming that the buffer is big enough.
    StringCbCatA( (STRSAFE_LPSTR) pStruct->buffer, pStruct->size, (STRSAFE_LPSTR)"++" );
}

//******************************************************************
PINVOKELIB_API void TestOutArrayOfStructs( int* pSize, MYSTRSTRUCT2** ppStruct )
{
    const int cArraySize = 5;
    *pSize = 0;
    *ppStruct = (MYSTRSTRUCT2*)CoTaskMemAlloc( cArraySize * sizeof( MYSTRSTRUCT2 ));

    if ( ppStruct != NULL )
    {
        MYSTRSTRUCT2* pCurStruct = *ppStruct;
        LPSTR buffer;
        *pSize = cArraySize;

        STRSAFE_LPCSTR teststr = "***";
        size_t len = 0;
        StringCchLengthA(teststr, STRSAFE_MAX_CCH, &len);
        len++;

        for ( int i = 0; i < cArraySize; i++, pCurStruct++ )
        {
            pCurStruct->size = len;
            buffer = (LPSTR)CoTaskMemAlloc( len );
            StringCchCopyA( buffer, len, teststr );
            pCurStruct->buffer = (char *)buffer;
        }
    }
}

//************************************************************************
PINVOKELIB_API char * TestStringAsResult()
{

    const size_t alloc_size = 64;
    STRSAFE_LPSTR result = (STRSAFE_LPSTR)CoTaskMemAlloc( alloc_size );
    STRSAFE_LPCSTR teststr = "This is return value";
    StringCchCopyA( result, alloc_size, teststr );

    return (char *) result;
}

//************************************************************************
PINVOKELIB_API void SetData( DataType typ, void* object )
{
    switch ( typ )
    {
        case DT_I2: printf( "Short %i\n", *((short*)object) ); break;
        case DT_I4: printf( "Long %i\n", *((long*)object) ); break;
        case DT_R4: printf( "Float %f\n", *((float*)object) ); break;
        case DT_R8: printf( "Double %f\n", *((double*)object) ); break;
        case DT_STR: printf( "String %s\n", (char*)object ); break;
        default: printf( "Unknown type" ); break;
    }
}

//************************************************************************
PINVOKELIB_API void TestArrayInStruct( MYARRAYSTRUCT* pStruct )
{
    pStruct->flag = true;
    pStruct->vals[0] += 100;
    pStruct->vals[1] += 100;
    pStruct->vals[2] += 100;
}

// PInvokeLib.h : The header file for the DLL application.
//

#pragma once

#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
#include <windows.h>

// The following ifdef block is the standard way of creating macros which make exporting
// from a DLL simpler. All files within this DLL are compiled with the PINVOKELIB_EXPORTS
// symbol defined on the command line. this symbol should not be defined on any project
// that uses this DLL. This way any other project whose source files include this file see
// PINVOKELIB_API functions as being imported from a DLL, wheras this DLL sees symbols
// defined with this macro as being exported.
#ifdef PINVOKELIB_EXPORTS
#define PINVOKELIB_API __declspec(dllexport)
#else
#define PINVOKELIB_API __declspec(dllimport)
#endif

// Define the test structures

typedef struct _MYPOINT
{
    int x;
    int y;
} MYPOINT;

typedef struct _MYPERSON
{
    char* first;
    char* last;
} MYPERSON;

typedef struct _MYPERSON2
{
    MYPERSON* person;
    int age;
} MYPERSON2;

typedef struct _MYPERSON3
{
    MYPERSON person;
    int age;
} MYPERSON3;

union MYUNION
{
    int i;
    double d;
};

union MYUNION2
{
    int i;
    char str[128];
};

typedef struct _MYSTRSTRUCT
{
    wchar_t* buffer;
    UINT size;
} MYSTRSTRUCT;

typedef struct _MYSTRSTRUCT2
{
    char* buffer;
    UINT size;
} MYSTRSTRUCT2;

typedef struct _MYARRAYSTRUCT
{
    bool flag;
    int vals[3];
} MYARRAYSTRUCT;

// constants and pointer definitions

const int COL_DIM = 5;

typedef bool (CALLBACK *FPTR)( int i );

typedef bool (CALLBACK *FPTR2)( char* str );

// Data type codes
enum DataType
{
    DT_I2 = 1,
    DT_I4,
    DT_R4,
    DT_R8,
    DT_STR
};

// This is an exported class.
class PINVOKELIB_API CTestClass
{
public:
    CTestClass( void );
    int DoSomething( int i );

private:
    int m_member;
};

// Exports for PInvokeLib.dll

#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C"
{
#endif

PINVOKELIB_API CTestClass* CreateTestClass();

PINVOKELIB_API void DeleteTestClass( CTestClass* instance );

PINVOKELIB_API int TestArrayOfInts( int* pArray, int size );

PINVOKELIB_API int TestRefArrayOfInts( int** ppArray, int* pSize );

PINVOKELIB_API int TestMatrixOfInts( int pMatrix[][COL_DIM], int row );

PINVOKELIB_API int TestArrayOfStrings( char* ppStrArray[], int size );

PINVOKELIB_API int TestArrayOfStructs( MYPOINT* pPointArray, int size );

PINVOKELIB_API int TestArrayOfStructs2( MYPERSON* pPersonArray, int size );

PINVOKELIB_API int TestStructInStruct( MYPERSON2* pPerson2 );

PINVOKELIB_API void TestStructInStruct3( MYPERSON3 person3 );

PINVOKELIB_API void TestUnion( MYUNION u, int type );

PINVOKELIB_API void TestUnion2( MYUNION2 u, int type );

PINVOKELIB_API void TestCallBack( FPTR pf, int value );

PINVOKELIB_API void TestCallBack2( FPTR2 pf2, char* value );

// buffer is an in/out param
PINVOKELIB_API void TestStringInStruct( MYSTRSTRUCT* pStruct );

// buffer is in/out param
PINVOKELIB_API void TestStringInStructAnsi( MYSTRSTRUCT2* pStruct );

PINVOKELIB_API void TestOutArrayOfStructs( int* pSize, MYSTRSTRUCT2** ppStruct );

PINVOKELIB_API char* TestStringAsResult();

PINVOKELIB_API void SetData( DataType typ, void* object );

PINVOKELIB_API void TestArrayInStruct( MYARRAYSTRUCT* pStruct );

#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif

Para chamar as funções da biblioteca a partir de código gerido, implemente protótipos geridos para cada função que pretende invocar. Se o código não gerenciado usar quaisquer tipos personalizados, você também deverá declarar esses tipos em seu código gerenciado. Decore cada protótipo com o DllImportAttribute atributo e use StructLayoutAttribute para controlar a disposição das estruturas geridas para que correspondam aos equivalentes não geridos.

Declarações de tipo gerenciado

O código seguinte mostra os equivalentes geridos dos tipos não geridos definidos em PInvokeLib.h. Cada estrutura utiliza StructLayout para garantir que o layout do campo corresponda ao layout não gerenciado:

// Managed type declarations that correspond to the unmanaged types in PinvokeLib.dll.

[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
internal struct MyPoint
{
    public int x;
    public int y;
}

[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, CharSet = CharSet.Ansi)]
internal struct MyPerson
{
    public string first;
    public string last;
}

[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
internal struct MyPerson2
{
    public IntPtr person; // Pointer to a MyPerson structure
    public int age;
}

[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
internal struct MyPerson3
{
    public MyPerson person; // Embedded MyPerson structure
    public int age;
}

[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Explicit)]
internal struct MyUnion
{
    [FieldOffset(0)] public int i;
    [FieldOffset(0)] public double d;
}

[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
internal struct MyArrayStruct
{
    public bool flag;

    [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.ByValArray, SizeConst = 3)]
    public int[] vals;
}

' Managed type declarations that correspond to the unmanaged types in PinvokeLib.dll.

<StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)>
Friend Structure MyPoint
    Public x As Integer
    Public y As Integer
End Structure

<StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, CharSet:=CharSet.Ansi)>
Friend Structure MyPerson
    Public first As String
    Public last As String
End Structure

<StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)>
Friend Structure MyPerson2
    Public person As IntPtr ' Pointer to a MyPerson structure
    Public age As Integer
End Structure

<StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)>
Friend Structure MyPerson3
    Public person As MyPerson ' Embedded MyPerson structure
    Public age As Integer
End Structure

<StructLayout(LayoutKind.Explicit)>
Friend Structure MyUnion
    <FieldOffset(0)> Public i As Integer
    <FieldOffset(0)> Public d As Double
End Structure

<StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)>
Friend Structure MyArrayStruct
    Public flag As Boolean

    <MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.ByValArray, SizeConst:=3)>
    Public vals As Integer()
End Structure

Protótipos de funções geridas

O código seguinte mostra as DllImport declarações que expõem as funções não geridas de PinvokeLib.dll para o código gerido:

internal static class NativeMethods
{
    [DllImport("PinvokeLib.dll", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
    internal static extern int TestArrayOfInts(
        [In, Out] int[] array, int size);

    [DllImport("PinvokeLib.dll", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
    internal static extern int TestRefArrayOfInts(
        ref IntPtr array, ref int size);

    [DllImport("PinvokeLib.dll", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
    internal static extern int TestMatrixOfInts(
        [In, Out] int[,] matrix, int row);

    [DllImport("PinvokeLib.dll", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
    internal static extern int TestArrayOfStrings(
        [In, Out] string[] array, int size);

    [DllImport("PinvokeLib.dll", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
    internal static extern int TestArrayOfStructs(
        [In, Out] MyPoint[] pointArray, int size);

    [DllImport("PinvokeLib.dll", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
    internal static extern int TestArrayOfStructs2(
        [In, Out] MyPerson[] personArray, int size);

    [DllImport("PinvokeLib.dll", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
    internal static extern int TestStructInStruct(ref MyPerson2 person2);

    [DllImport("PinvokeLib.dll", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
    internal static extern void TestStructInStruct3(MyPerson3 person3);

    [DllImport("PinvokeLib.dll", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
    internal static extern void TestUnion(MyUnion u, int type);

    [DllImport("PinvokeLib.dll", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
    internal static extern void TestArrayInStruct(ref MyArrayStruct myStruct);
}

Friend Class NativeMethods
    <DllImport("PinvokeLib.dll", CallingConvention:=CallingConvention.Cdecl)>
    Friend Shared Function TestArrayOfInts(
        <[In], Out> ByVal array() As Integer, ByVal size As Integer) As Integer
    End Function

    <DllImport("PinvokeLib.dll", CallingConvention:=CallingConvention.Cdecl)>
    Friend Shared Function TestRefArrayOfInts(
        ByRef array As IntPtr, ByRef size As Integer) As Integer
    End Function

    <DllImport("PinvokeLib.dll", CallingConvention:=CallingConvention.Cdecl)>
    Friend Shared Function TestMatrixOfInts(
        <[In], Out> ByVal matrix(,) As Integer, ByVal row As Integer) As Integer
    End Function

    <DllImport("PinvokeLib.dll", CallingConvention:=CallingConvention.Cdecl)>
    Friend Shared Function TestArrayOfStrings(
        <[In], Out> ByVal array() As String, ByVal size As Integer) As Integer
    End Function

    <DllImport("PinvokeLib.dll", CallingConvention:=CallingConvention.Cdecl)>
    Friend Shared Function TestArrayOfStructs(
        <[In], Out> ByVal pointArray() As MyPoint, ByVal size As Integer) As Integer
    End Function

    <DllImport("PinvokeLib.dll", CallingConvention:=CallingConvention.Cdecl)>
    Friend Shared Function TestArrayOfStructs2(
        <[In], Out> ByVal personArray() As MyPerson, ByVal size As Integer) As Integer
    End Function

    <DllImport("PinvokeLib.dll", CallingConvention:=CallingConvention.Cdecl)>
    Friend Shared Function TestStructInStruct(
        ByRef person2 As MyPerson2) As Integer
    End Function

    <DllImport("PinvokeLib.dll", CallingConvention:=CallingConvention.Cdecl)>
    Friend Shared Sub TestStructInStruct3(ByVal person3 As MyPerson3)
    End Sub

    <DllImport("PinvokeLib.dll", CallingConvention:=CallingConvention.Cdecl)>
    Friend Shared Sub TestUnion(ByVal u As MyUnion, ByVal type As Integer)
    End Sub

    <DllImport("PinvokeLib.dll", CallingConvention:=CallingConvention.Cdecl)>
    Friend Shared Sub TestArrayInStruct(ByRef myStruct As MyArrayStruct)
    End Sub
End Class

Para obter mais informações e exemplos, consulte os seguintes artigos:

• Agregação de Classes, Estruturas e Uniões
• Marshalling Cordas
• Organizar diferentes tipos de matrizes